Wikipedia on Operation Gladio (2/3) Date: Sun, 10 Feb 2008 12:13:21 -0600 (CST) [[389]edit] Germany [390]Reinhard Gehlen, Nazi intelligence agent on the East front during the war, turned towards the US after the war, and set up the "Gehlen Organisation," which used many [391]former Nazi party members for intelligence purpose in the frame of the Cold War. But alongside the Gehlen organisation, which became the nucleus of the [392]Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND, Federal Intelligence Service), [393]West Germany's intelligence agency created in 1956, US intelligence also set up a German stay-behind network parallel (and juxtaposed) to the Gehlen Org (which also had a role in the organisation of the [394]ODESSA network, used to exfiltrate Nazi war criminals). [395]CIA documents released in June 2006 under the [396]1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, more than fifteen years after Prime minister Giulio Andreotti's revelations concerning Gladio, show that the CIA organized "stay-behind" networks of German agents between 1949 and 1955.^[397][36] One of these networks supported by the CIA was the Technische Dienst (TD, Technical Service) section within the Bund Deutscher Jugend (BDJ, Union of German Youth). The anti-communist BDJ was founded in 1950 by ex-Nazis Erhard Peters and Paul L|th. The existence of TD came to light, after a speech in the Hesse Landtag by PM Georg August Zinn.^[398][37] During the investigations into BDJ, which started in September 1952, a couple of arms caches were found, including one in Odenwald, Hesse.^[399][38] The claim by August Zinn that the BDJ supposedly was in the possession of a list of Social Democracts and Communists to be liquidated in case of a Soviet invasion, including leading figures of the opposition [400]Social Democratic Party ^[401][39]) was denied by German Chancellor [402]Konrad Adenauer.^[403][40] The BDJ was outlawed in January of 1953.^[404][41]^[405][42] Documents shown to the Italian parliamentary terrorism committee revealed that in the 1970s British and French officials involved in the network visited a training base in Germany built with US money.^[406][39] In 1976, the secret service BND secretary Heidrun Hofer was arrested after having revealed the secrets of the German stay-behind army to her husband, who was a spy of the [407]KGB.^[408][24] [[409]edit] The 1980 Oktoberfest bomb blast Revelations of a witness in the investigation of the [410]Oktoberfest bomb blast of 1980 in Munich lead to the conclusion that the explosives might have come from the German Neo-Nazi Heinz Lembke.^[[411]citation needed] In 1981, German police by chance found an arms cache in the [412]L|neburg Heath, which led to the arrest of Lembke and the discovery of other arms caches in Lower Saxony. A few days later, Lembke hanged himself in prison. Lembke had been questioned in Oktoberfest investigation, but the public prosecutor's found no evidence that he supplied the explosives for the bombing.^[413][43] Lembkes arms caches were supposed to be connected to Gladio by a number of researchers and journalists.^[414][44] [[415]edit] CIA's documents released in June 2006 One network included Staff Sergent Heinrich Hoffman and Lieutenant Colonel Hans Rues, and another one, codenamed Kibitz-15, was run by Lieutenant Colonel [416]Walter Kopp, a former [417]Wehrmacht officer, described by his own North American handlers as an "unreconstructed Nazi."^[418][45] In an April 1953 CIA memo released in June 2006, the CIA headquarters wrote: "The present furore in Western Germany over the resurgence of the Nazi or [419]neo-Nazi groups is a fair example -- in miniature -- of what we would be faced with." Therefore some of these networks were dismantled. These documents stated that the ex-Nazis were a complete failure in intelligence terms. According to Timothy Naftali, a US historian from the [420]University of Virginia who reviewed the CIA documents then released, "The files show time and again that these people were more trouble than they were worth. The unreconstructed Nazis were always out for themselves, and they were using the West's lack of information about the Soviet Union to exploit it."^[421][45] The US [422]NARA Archives themselves stated in a 2002 communique, concerning Reinhard Gehlen's recruiting of former Nazis, that "Besides the troubling moral issues involved, these recruitments opened the West German government, and by extension the United States, to penetration by the Soviet intelligence services."^[423][46] [424]Hans Globke, who had worked for [425]Adolf Eichmann in the Jewish Affairs department and helped draft the 1935 [426]Nuremberg laws, became Chancellor [427]Konrad Adenauer's national security advisor in the 1960s, and "was the main liaison with the CIA and NATO" according to [428]The Guardian.^[429][45] A March 1958 memo from the German [430]BND agency to the CIA wrote that [431]Adolf Eichmann is "reported to have lived in Argentina under the alias CLEMENS since 1952." However, the CIA did not pass the information on to the Israeli [432]MOSSAD, as it feared revelations concerning its use of former Nazis for intelligence purposes -- Eichmann, who was in charge of the Jewish Affairs department, was abducted by the MOSSAD two years later. Among these information that might have been revealed by Eichmann were the ones concerning Hans Globke, CIA's liaison in West Germany. At the request of [433]Bonn, the CIA persuaded [434]Life magazine to delete any reference to Globke from Eichmann's memoirs, which it had bought from his family.^[435][36] [[436]edit] Norbert Juretzko's 2004 revelations In 2004 the German spymaster [437]Norbert Juretzko published a book about his work at the BND. He went into details about recruiting partisans for the German stay-behind network. He was sacked from BND following a [438]secret trial against him, because the BND could not find out the real name of his Russian source "[439]Rubezahl" whom he had recruited. A man with the name he put on file was arrested by the KGB following treason in the BND, but was obviously innocent, his name having been chosen at random from the public phone book by Juretzko. According to Juretzko, the BND built up its branch of Gladio, but discovered after the fall of the [440]German Democratic Republic that it was 100% known to the [441]Stasi early on. When the network was dismantled, further odd details emerged. One fellow "spymaster" had kept the radio equipment in his cellar at home with his wife doing the engineering test call every 4 months, on the grounds that the equipment was too "valuable" to remain in civilian hands. Juretzko found out because this spymaster had dismantled his section of the network so quickly, there had been no time for measures such as recovering all caches of supplies. Civilians recruited as stay-behind partisans were equipped with a clandestine shortwave radio with a fixed frequency. It had a keyboard with encryption, making use of Morse code unnecessary. They had a cache of further equipment for signalling helicopters or submarines to drop special agents who were to stay in the partisan's homes while mounting sabotage operations against the communists. [[442]edit] Greece The aim of British Prime minister Winston Churchill was to prevent the communist-led [443]EAM resistance movement from taking power after the end of World War II. After the suppression of a pro-EAM uprising in April 1944 among the [444]Greek forces in Egypt, a new and firmly reliable unit was formed, the Third Greek Mountain Brigade, which excluded "almost all men with views ranging from moderately conservative to left wing"^[445][47] After liberation in October 1944, EAM controlled most of the country. When it organized a demonstration in Athens on [446]December 3, [447]1944 against British interference, members of rightist and pro-royalist paramilitary organizations, as well as "British troops and police with machine guns... posited on the rooftops", suddenly shot on the crowd, killing 25 protesters (including a six-year-old boy) and wounding 148.^[448][48] This marked the outbreak of the [449]Dekemvriana, and subsequently led to the [450]Greek Civil War. When Greece joined NATO in 1952, the country's special forces, the LOK (Lochoi Oreinon Katadromon, i.e. "Mountain Raiding Companies") were integrated into the European stay-behind network. The CIA and LOK reconfirmed on March 25, 1955 their mutual cooperation in a secret document signed by US General Trascott for the CIA, and Konstantinos Dovas, chief of staff of the Greek military. In addition to preparing for a Soviet invasion, the CIA instructed LOK to prevent a leftist coup. Former CIA agent [451]Philip Agee, who was sharply criticized in the US for having revealed sensitive information, insisted that "paramilitary groups, directed by CIA officers, operated in the sixties throughout Europe [and he stressed that] perhaps no activity of the CIA could be as clearly linked to the possibility of internal subversion."^[452][49] The LOK was involved in the Greek military coup d'Etat on [453]April 20, [454]1967 ^[455][50], which took place one month before the scheduled national elections for which opinion polls predicted an overwhelming victory of the centrist [456]Center Union of [457]George and [458]Andreas Papandreou. Under the command of paratrooper Lieutenant Colonel Costas Aslanides, the LOK took control of the Greek Defence Ministry while Brigadier General Stylianos Pattakos gained control over communication centers, the parliament, the royal palace, and according to detailed lists, arrested over 10,000 people. Phillips Talbot, the US ambassador in Athens, disapproved of the military coup which established the "[459]Regime of the Colonels" (1967-1974), complaining that it represented "a rape of democracy" - to which Jack Maury, the CIA chief of station in Athens, answered: "How can you rape a whore?".^[460][24] Arrested and then exiled in Canada and Sweden, Andreas Papandreou later returned to Greece, where he won the 1981 election for Prime minister, forming the first socialist government of Greece's post-war history. According to his own testimony, he discovered the existence of the secret NATO army, then codenamed "Red Sheepskin", as acting prime minister in 1984 and had given orders to dissolve it. Following Giulio Andreotti's revelations in 1990, the Greek defence minister confirmed that a branch of the network, known as Operation Sheepskin, operated in his country until 1988.^[461][51] The socialist opposition called for a parliamentary investigation into the secret army and its alleged link to terrorism and the 1967 coup d'itat. Public order minister Yannis Vassiliadis declared that there was no need to investigate such "fantasies" as "Sheepskin was one of 50 NATO plans which foresaw that when a country was occupied by an enemy there should be an organised resistance. It foresaw arms caches and officers who would form the nucleus of a guerilla war. In other words, it was a nationally justifiable act." In December 2005, journalist Kleanthis Grivas published an article in To Proto Thema, a Greek Sunday newspaper, in which he accused "Sheepskin" for the assassination of CIA station chief [462]Richard Welch in Athens in 1975, as well as the assassination of British military attachi [463]Stephen Saunders in 2000. This was denied by the [464]US State Department, who responded that "the Greek terrorist organization '[465]17 November' was responsible for both assassinations", and that Grivas's central piece of evidence had been the [466]Westmoreland Field Manual which the State department, as well as an independent Congressional inquiry have alleged to be a Soviet forgery.^[467][3] The document in question, however, makes no specific mention of Greece, November 17th, nor Welch. The State Department also highlighted the fact that, in the case of Richard Welch, "Grivas bizarrely accuses the CIA of playing a role in the assassination of one of its own senior officials" while "Sheepskin" couldn't have assassinate Stephen Saunders for the simple reason, according to the US government, that "the Greek government stated it dismantled the "stay behind" network in 1988."^[468][3] [[469]edit] The Netherlands A large arms cache was discovered in 1983 near the village Velp. The government was forced to confirm that the arms were related to NATO planning for unorthodox warfare. In his television show of 22 April 2007 Dutch crime journalist Peter R. De Vries revealed that weapons had been illegally supplied to Gladio well after the network was supposed to have been disbanded.^[470][24] A Dutch investigative television program revealed on [471]September 9, [472]2007, that an arms cache that belonged to Gladio was ransacked in the 1980s. The cache was located in a forest near [473]Scheveningen. Some of stolen weapons later turned up, including hand grenades and machine guns, when police officials arrested criminals [474]Sam Klepper and [475]John Mieremet in 1991. The Dutch military intelligence agency, [476]MIVD, feared at that time that the disclosure of the Gladio history of these weapons was politically explosive.^[477][52]^[478][53] [[479]edit] Norway In 1957, the director of the secret service [480]NIS, Vilhelm Evang, protested strongly against the pro-active intelligence activities at [481]AFNORTH, as described by the chairman of CPC: "[NIS] was extremely worried about activities carried out by officers at Kolses. This concerned SB, Psywar and Counter Intelligence." These activities supposedly included the blacklisting of Norwegians. [482]SHAPE denied these allegations. Eventually, the matter was resolved in 1958, after Norway was assured about how stay-behind networks were to be operated.^[483][54] In 1978, the police discovered an arms cache at a mountain cabin and arrested Hans Otto Meyer, a NIS officer. Meyer claimed that these were supplied by Norwegian intelligence. Rolf Hansen, defense minister at that time, stated the network was not in any way answerable to NATO and had no CIA connection.^[484][55] [[485]edit] Portugal Further information: [486]Aginter Press In 1966, the CIA set up [487]Aginter Press which, under the direction of Captain [488]Yves Guirin-Sirac (who had taken part in the founding of the OAS), ran a secret stay-behind army and trained its members in covert action techniques amounting to terrorism, including bombings, silent assassinations, subversion techniques, clandestine communication and infiltration and colonial warfare. Aginter Press was suspected of having assassinated General [489]Humberto Delgado (1906-1965), founder of the [490]Portuguese National Liberation Front against [491]Salazar's dictatorship, as well as anti-colonialist leader [492]Amilcar Cabral (1924-1973), founder of the [493]PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) and [494]Eduardo Mondlane, leader of the liberation movement [495]FRELIMO (Frente de Libertagco de Mogambique), in 1969.^[496][56]^[497][24] [[498]edit] Turkey See also: [499]Multi-Party Period of Republic of Turkey and [500]Deep state In Turkey, the stay-behind army was known as "Counter-Guerrilla". Related to the [501]Milln Istihbarat Teskilbti (MIT), the Turkish intelligence agency, it engaged in domestic terror, supporting, as in Italy, a [502]strategy of tension, which led to two military coups d'itat in which it was directly involved. In 1971, after a military coup d'itat carried on [503]March 12, the stay-behind army Counter-Guerrilla engaged in [504]domestic terror and killed hundreds. The overall death-toll of the terror of the 1970s is estimated at 5,000, with right-wing and terrorism responsible for the most part. According to statistics published by the British [505]Searchlight magazine (n047, May 1979, p.6), in 1978 there were 3,319 fascist attacks, in which 831 were killed and 3,121 wounded. In 1977, Counter-Guerrilla took part on the May 1, [506]Taksim Square massacre, while left-wing newspaper editor [507]Abdi Ipekgi was murdered in 1979 by [508]Mehmet Ali Agca, a [509]Grey Wolves member who later tried to assassinate the [510]Pope John Paul II in 1980. General [511]Kenan Evren staged a [512]military coup and seized power in 1980. The US-support of this coup was acknowledged by the CIA Ankara station chief Paul Henze. After the government was overthrown, Henze cabled Washington, saying, "our boys have done it". At the time there were some 1,700 Grey Wolves organizations in Turkey, with about 200,000 registered members and a million sympathisers. After being useful for the strategy of tension followed by Kenan Evren, the leader of the Counter-Guerrilla turned president outlawed the right-wing [513]Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Grey Wolves, its youth organization. The MHP had been founded in 1965 by [514]Alparslan T|rkes, a member of the Counter-Guerrilla. Colonel T|rkes and other Grey Wolves were arrested. In its indictment of the MHP in May 1981, the Turkish military government charged 220 members of the MHP and its affiliates for 694 murders, according to [515]Edward Herman and Frank Brodhead in The Rise and Fall of the Bulgarian Connection (New York, 1986, quoted by Ganser). However, Grey Wolves' imprisoned members were offered release if they accepted to fight the [516]Kurdish minority and the [517]PKK,^[518][57] as well as the [519]ASALA ("Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia"). They then went on to fight, with Counter-Guerrilla, Kurds, killing and torturing thousands in the 1980s, and also carrying [520]false flag attacks in which the Counter-Guerrilla attacked villages, dressed up as PKK fighters, and raped and executed people randomly (Ganser, 2005).^[521][58] The fact that Counter-Guerrilla had engaged in torture was confirmed by Talat Turhan, a retired Turkish lieutenant colonel. According to a December 5, 1990 article by the Swiss [522]Neue Z|rcher Zeitung, the Counter-Guerrilla had their headquarters in the building of the US [523]DIA military secret service.^[524][24] In addition, they carried out operations to assassinate the leader squad of ASALA, in which they succeeded. Former Turkish prime minister [525]B|lent Ecevit recalled he had learned of the existence of Turkish "stay-behind" armies for the first time in [526]1974. At the time, the commander of the Turkish army, General [527]Semih Sancar, had allegedly informed him the US had financed the unit since the immediate post-war years, as well as the [528]MIT, the Turkish intelligence agency. Ecevit declared he suspected Counter-Guerrilla's involvement in the [529]1977 Taksim Square massacre in Istanbul, during which snipers opened fire on a protest rally of 500 000 citizens, organized by trade unions on May 1, killing 38 and injuring hundred. In 1976, a demonstration gathering 100 000 against the domestic terror, for which Counter-Guerrilla was largely responsible, had already took place. The next year, the demonstrators were met with bullets. According to Ecevit, the shooting lasted for twenty minutes, yet several thousand policemen on the scene did not intervene. This mode of operation recalls the [530]June 20, 1973 Ezeiza massacre in Buenos Aires, when the [531]Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (aka Triple A), founded by [532]Josi Lopez Rega (a P2 member), opened fire on the left-wing peronists... According to [533]Kurtulus Turkish magazine (n099, September 19, 1998 - quoted by Ganser, 2005), Turkish CIA agent Hiram Abas who "was closer than his own brother" to the CIA chief of station in Istanbul [534]Duane 'Dewey' Clarridge (quotes from Clarridge's 1997 memoirs An Agent for All Seasons), was present on the May Day massacre. The Hotel International, from which the shots were fired, belonged to the [535]ITT company, which had already been involved in financing the [536]September 11, 1973 coup against [537]Salvador Allende in Chile and was on good terms with the CIA. Hiram Abas had been trained in the US in covert action operations and as an MIT agent first gained notoriety in Beirut, where he cooperated with the [538]Mossad from 1968 to 1971 and carried out attacks, "targeting left-wing youths in the [539]Palestinian camps and receiving bounty for the results he achieved in actions" (Kurtulus n099). With MIT agent Mehmet Eym|r, later promoted to direct the MIT's department for counter-espionage, Abas also participated in the Kizildere massacre of March 30, 1972, when they killed seven left-wing militants. Other massacres include the [540]Bahgelievler Massacre (October 9, 1978 - 7 university students who were members of the [541]Turkish Worker's Party were assassinated by far-right activists including [542]Abdullah Gatli and [543]Haluk Kirci), March 16 Massacre (March 16, 1978 - At the exit of the school, the police and fascists bombed and shot the leftist students in Beyazit Square, killing 7 people), [544]Kahramanmaras Massacre (December 23-24, 1978 - 111 [545]Alauoites were killed according to the official figures, the actual number was predicted to be much higher) and many more. According to [546]Le Monde diplomatique, [547]Abdullah Gatli, one of the leader of the Grey Wolves, "is reckoned to have been one of the main perpetrators of underground operations carried out by the Turkish branch of the Gladio organisation and had played a key role in the bloody events of the period 1976-1980 which paved the way for the military coup d'itat of September 1980. As the young head of the far-right Grey Wolves militia, he had been accused, among other things, of the murder of seven left-wing students." He was seen in the company of [548]Avanguardia Nazionale founder [549]Stefano Delle Chiaie, while touring Latin America and on a visit to Miami in September 1982.^[550][59] [[551]edit] The United Kingdom In Great Britain, Prime Minister [552]Winston Churchill created the [553]Special Operations Executive (SOE) in 1940 to assist resistance movements and carry out subversive operations in enemy-held territory across occupied Europe. [554]Guardian reporter [555]David Pallister wrote in December 1990 that a guerrilla network with arms caches had been put in place following the [556]fall of France. It included [557]Brigadier "Mad Mike" Calvert, and was drawn from a special-forces ski battalion of the [558]Scots Guards which was originally intended to fight in Nazi-occupied Finland.^[559][17] Known as [560]Auxiliary Units, they were headed by Major [561]Colin Gubbins, an expert in guerrilla warfare who would later lead the SOE. The Auxiliary Units were attached to [562]GHQ Home Forces, and concealed within the [563]Home Guard. The units were created in preparation of a [564]possible invasion of the British Isles by the Third Reich. These units were allegedly stood down only in 1944. Several of their members subsequently joined the [565]Special Air Service and saw action in France in late 1944. The units' existence did not generally become known by the public until the [566]1990s though a book on the subject was published in 1968.^[567][60] After the end of [568]World War II, the stay-behind armies were created with the experience and involvement of former SOE officers.^[569][24] Following Giulio Andreotti's October 1990 revelations, [570]General Sir John Hackett (1910-1997), former commander-in-chief of the [571]British Army on the Rhine, declared on November 16, 1990 that a contingency plan involving "stay behind and resistance in depth" was drawn up after the war. The same week, [572]Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley (1924-2006), former commander-in-chief of NATO's Forces in Northern Europe from 1979 to 1982, declared to The Guardian that a secret arms network was established in Britain after the war.^[573][39] General John Hackett had written in 1978 a novel, The Third World War: August 1985, which was a fictionalized scenario of a Soviet Army invasion of West Germany in 1985. The novel was followed in 1982 by [574]The Third World War: The Untold Story, which elaborated on the original. Farrar-Hockley had aroused controversy in 1983 when he became involved in trying to organise a campaign for a new Home Guard against eventual Soviet invasion.^[575][61] Gladio membership included mostly ex-servicemen but also followers of [576]Oswald Mosley's pre-war fascist movement.^[[577]citation needed] Among the 200,000+ Polish ex-servicemen in the UK after the end of WW2, unable to return home for fear of communist repression, were conspiratorial groups maintaining combat readiness ready to fight for a free Poland should the Warsaw Pact attack western Europe. The '[578]Pogon' organisation, linked to the [579]Polish Government-in-Exile held regular paramilitary exercises until the 1970s; many of its members were associated with the Polish scouting movement in the UK which had a strong paramilitary flavour. Links with 'Stay-behind' networks are strongly suspected.^[[580]citation needed]. [[581]edit] General Serravale's revelations General Gerardo Serravalle, who commanded the Italian Gladio from 1971 to 1974, related that "in the 1970s the members of the CPC [Coordination and Planning Committee] were the officers responsible for the secret structures of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Italy. These representatives of the secret structures met every year in one of the capitals... At the stay-behind meetings representatives of the CIA were always present. They had no voting rights and were from the CIA headquarters of the capital in which the meeting took place... members of the US Forces Europe Command were present, also without voting rights. ".^[582][62] Next to the CPC a second secret command post was created in 1957, the Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC). According to the Belgian Parliamentary Committee on Gladio, the ACC was "responsible for coordinating the 'Stay-behind' networks in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States". During peacetime, the activities of the ACC "included elaborating the directives for the network, developing its clandestine capability and organising bases in Britain and the United States. In wartime, it was to plan stay-behind operations in conjunction with SHAPE; organisers were to activate clandestine bases and organise operations from there".^[583][63] General Serravale declared to the Commissione Stragi headed by senator [584]Giovanni Pellegrino that the Italian Gladio members trained at a military base in Britain.^[585][39] Documents shown to the committee also revealed that British and French officials members of Gladio had visited in the 1970s a training base in Germany built with US money.^[586][39] [[587]edit] The Guardian's November 1990 revelations concerning plans under Margaret Thatcher [588]The Guardian reported on [589]November 5, [590]1990, that there had been a "secret attempt to revive elements of a parallel post-war plan relating to overseas operations" in the "early days of [591]Mrs Thatcher's Conservative leadership". According to the British newspaper, "a group of former intelligence officers, inspired by the wartime Special Operations Executive, attempted to set up a secret unit as a kind of armed MI6 cell. Those behind the scheme included [592]Airey Neave, Mrs Thatcher's close adviser who was killed in a terrorist attack in 1979, and [593]George Kennedy Young, a former deputy chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, MI6." The newspaper stated that Thatcher had been "initially enthusiastic but dropped the idea after the scandal surrounding the attack by the French secret service on the Greenpeace ship, [594]Rainbow Warrior, in New Zealand in 1985."^[595][64] The Swiss branch, [596]P-26, as well as Italian Gladio, had trained in the UK in the early 1970s.^[597][64]^[598][65] [[599]edit] Parallel stay-behind operations in non-NATO countries [[600]edit] Austria In Austria, the first secret stay-behind army was exposed in 1947. It had been set up by far-right Soucek and Rvssner, who both insisted during their trial that "they were carrying out the secret operation with the full knowledge and support of the US and British occupying powers." Sentenced to death, they were then pardoned under mysterious circumstances by Chancellor [601]Kvrner (1951-1957). [602]Franz Olah set up a new secret army codenamed Vsterreichischer Wander-Sport-und Geselligkeitsverein (OWSGV, literally "Austrian hiking, sports and society club"), with the cooperation of MI6 and the CIA. He later explained that "we bought cars under this name. We installed communication centres in several regions of Austria", confirming that "special units were trained in the use of weapons and plastic explosives". He precised that "there must have been a couple of thousand people working for us... Only very, very highly positioned politicians and some members of the union knew about it". In 1965, the police forces discovered a stay-behind arms cache in an old mine close to Windisch-Bleiberg and forced the British authorities to hand over a list with the location of 33 other caches in Austria.^[603][24] In 1990, when secret "stay-behind" armies were discovered all around Europe, the Austrian government said that no secret army had existed in the country. However, six years later, the [604]Boston Globe revealed the existence of a secret CIA arms caches in Austria. Austrian President [605]Thomas Klestil and Chancellor [606]Franz Vranitzky insisted that they had known nothing of the existence of the secret army and demanded that the US launch a full-scale investigation into the violation of Austria's neutrality, which was denied by President [607]Bill Clinton. State Department spokesman [608]Nicholas Burns - appointed in August 2001 by President [609]George Bush as the US Permanent Representative to the Atlantic treaty organization, where, as ambassador to NATO, he headed the combined State-Defense Department United States Mission to NATO and coordinated the NATO response to the [610]September 11, 2001 attacks - insisted: "The aim was noble, the aim was correct, to try to help Austria if it was under occupation. What went wrong is that successive Washington administrations simply decided not to talk to the Austrian government about it."^[611][1] [[612]edit] Finland In 1945, Interior Minister [613]Yrjv Leino (a communist) exposed a secret stay-behind army which was closed down (so called [614]Weapons Cache Case). This operation was organized by Finnish general staff officers (without foreign help) in 1944 to hide weapons in order to sustain a large-scale guerilla warfare in the event the Soviet Union tried to occupy Finland in the aftermath of the [615]Continuation War. See also [616]Operation Stella Polaris. In 1991, the Swedish media claimed that a secret stay-behind army had existed in neutral [617]Finland with an exile base in [618]Stockholm. Finnish Defence Minister [619]Elisabeth Rehn called the revelations "a fairy tale", adding cautiously "or at least an incredible story, of which I know nothing.".^[620][24] However, in his memoirs, former CIA director [621]William Colby described the setting-up of stay-behind armies in Scandinavian countries, including Finland, with or without the assistance of local governments, to prepare for a Soviet invasion.^[622][66] [[623]edit] Spain Main article: [624]Montejurra Note: Spain joined NATO in 1982. In May 1976, a year after [625]Franco's death, two left-wing [626]Carlist members were shot down by far-right terrorists, among whom Gladio operative [627]Stefano Delle Chiaie and members of the [628]Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A), demonstrating connections between Gladio and the South American "[629]Dirty War". This incident became known as the [630]Montejurra massacre.^[631][67] According to a report by the Italian [632]CESIS (Executive Committee for Intelligence and Security Services), Carlo Cicuttini (who took part in the 1972 Peteano bombing in Italy alongside [633]Vincenzo Vinciguerra), participated in the [634]1977 Massacre of Atocha in Madrid, killing five people (including several lawyers), members of the [635]Workers' Commissions trade-unions closely linked with the [636]Spanish Communist Party. Cicuttini was naturalized Spanish and exiled in Spain since 1972 (date of the Peteano bombing)^[637][68] Following Andreotti's 1990 revelations, [638]Adolfo Suarez, Spain's first democratically elected Prime minister after Franco's death, denied ever having heard of Gladio.^[639][69] President of the Spanish government in 1981-82, during the [640]transition to democracy, [641]Calvo Sotelo stated that Spain had not been informed of Gladio when it entered NATO. Asked about Gladio's relations to [642]Franquist Spain, he said that such a network was not necessary under [643]Franco, since "the regime itself was Gladio."^[644][70] According to General Fausto Fortunato, head of Italian [645]SISMI from 1971 to 1974, France and the US had backed Spain's entrance to Gladio, but Italy would have opposed its veto to it. Following Andreotti's revelations, however, [646]Narcms Serra, Spanish Minister of Defense, opened up an investigation concerning Spain's links to Gladio.^[647][71]^[648][72] Furthermore, Canarias 7 newspaper revealed, quoting former Gladio agent Alberto Volo, who had a role in the revelations of the existence of the network in 1990, that a Gladio meeting had been organized in August 1991 in the Gran Canaria island.^[649][73] Alberto Vollo also declared that as a Gladio operative, he had received trainings in [650]Maspalomas, in the [651]Gran Canaria island between the 1960s and the 1970s.^[652][74] [653]El Pams daily also revealed that the Gladio organization was suspected of having used former [654]NASA installations in [655]Maspalomas, in the [656]Gran Canaria island, in the 1970s.^[657][75] Andri Moyen, former Belgian secret agent, also declared that Gladio had operated in Spain.^[658][76] He said that Gladio had bases in Madrid, Barcelona, San Sebastian and the Canarias islands. [[659]edit] Sweden In 1951, CIA agent [660]William Colby, based at the CIA station in Stockholm supported the training of stay-behind armies in neutral [661]Sweden and [662]Finland and in the NATO members [663]Norway and [664]Denmark. In 1953, the police arrested right winger Otto Hallberg and discovered the Swedish stay-behind army. Hallberg was set free and charges against him were mysteriously dropped.^[665][24] [[666]edit] Switzerland Main article: [667]Projekt-26 In Switzerland, a secret army named P26 was discovered, by coincidence months before Giulio Andreotti's October 1990 revelations. After the "secret files scandal" ([668]Fichenaffdre), Swiss parliamentaries started investigating the Defense Department in the summer of 1990. According to Felix W|rsten of the [669]ETH Zurich, "P26 was not directly involved in the network of NATO's secret armies but it had close contact to [670]MI6.^[671][77]" Daniele Ganser (ETH Zurich) wrote in the Intelligence and National Security review that "following the discovery of the stay-behind armies across Western Europe in late 1990, Swiss and international security researchers found themselves confronted with two clear-cut questions: Did Switzerland also operate a secret stay-behind army? And if yes, was it part of NATO's stay-behind network? The answer to the first question is clearly yes... The answer to the second question remains disputed..."^[672][78] Swiss Major [673]Hans von Dach published in 1958 Der totale Widerstand, Kleinkriegsanleitung f|r jedermann ("Total Resistance," Bienne, 1958) concerning guerrilla warfare, a book of 180 pages about passive and active resistance to a foreign invasion, including detailed instructions on sabotage, clandestinity, methods to dissimulate weapons, struggle against police moles, etc.^[674][79] In 1990, Colonel Herbert Alboth, a former commander of the Swiss secret stay-behind army P26 declared in a confidential letter to the Defence Department that he was willing to reveal "the whole truth". He was later found in his house, stabbed with his own military bayonet. The detailed parliamentary report on the Swiss secret army was presented to the public on November 17, 1990.^[675][24] According to The Guardian, "P26 was backed by P27, a private foreign intelligence agency funded partly by the government, and by a special unit of Swiss army intelligence which had built up files on nearly 8,000 "suspect persons" including "leftists", "bill stickers", "[676]Jehovah's witnesses", people with "abnormal tendencies" and [677]anti-nuclear demonstrators. On November 14, the Swiss government hurriedly dissolved P26 -- the head of which, it emerged, had been paid #100,000 a year."^[678][50] In 1991, a report by Swiss magistrate Pierre Cornu was released by the Swiss defence ministry. It said that P26 was without "political or legal legitimacy", and described the group's collaboration with British secret services as "intense". "Unknown to the Swiss government, British officials signed agreements with the organisation, called P26, to provide training in combat, communications, and sabotage. The latest agreement was signed in 1987... P26 cadres participated regularly in training exercises in Britain... British advisers -- possibly from the SAS -- visited secret training establishments in Switzerland." P26 was led by Efrem Cattelan, known to British intelligence.^[679][80] In a 2005 conference presenting Daniele Ganser's research on Gladio, Hans Senn, General Chief of Staff of the [680]Swiss Army between 1977 and 1980, explained how he was informed of the existence of a secret organisation in the middle of his term of office. According to him, it already became clear in 1980 in the wake of the Schilling/Bachmann affair that there was also a secret group in Switzerland. But former MP, Helmut Hubacher, President of the [681]Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1990, declared that although it had been known that "special services" existed within the army, as a politician he never at any time could have known that the secret army, P26 was behind this. Hubacher pointed out that the President of the parliamentary investigation into P26 (PUK-EMD), the right-wing politician from Appenzell and member of the Council of States for that Canton, [682]Carlo Schmid, had suffered "like a dog" during the commission's investigations. Carlo Schmid declared to the press: "I was schocked that something like that is at all possible," and said to the press he was glad to leave the "conspirational atmosphere" which had weighted upon him like a "black shadow" during the investigations.^[683][81] Hubacher found it especially disturbing that, apart from its official mandate of organizing resistance in case of a Soviet invasion, P26 had also a mandate to become active should the left succeed in achieving a parliamentary majority.^[684][77] [[685]edit] The Order of the Solar Temple mystery Psychiatrist [686]Jean-Marie Abgrall has alleged^[687][82] that the "collective suicides" allegedly committed by various [688]Order of the Solar Temple (OST) members, in December 1995 in the [689]Vercors region of France, were somehow related to Gladio. According to Jean-Marie Abgrall's declarations to [690]Le Point magazine and Nice Matin newspaper in February 2003, which he renewed in official justice documents, the Renewed Order of the Solar Temple cult ("Ordre Rinovi du Temple" - ORT^[691][83]), ancestor of the OTS, had relations with Gladio networks. Abgrall also claimed that the [692]AMORC, of which he had been a member, was also related to "[693]Foccart networks" (Jacques Foccart was De Gaulle's spindoctor for African affairs, and retained an important role long after him). The theory of the mass suicide has been heavily contested by family of the victims Alain Vuarnet, Reni and Muguette Rostan, Willy and Gisila Schleimer and their lawyer, Alain Leclerc. According to a Reuters cable dated [694]March 22, [695]2004 (19:03:46), the lawyer explained that he had two documents upholding the theory of a murder, the first one being Jean-Marie Abgrall's juridical declaration above-mentioned. According to the lawyer, psychiatrist Jean-Marie Abgrall "reveals... that the Order of the Solar Temple, as the AMORC and the ORT, were created and controlled by French and foreign secret services". Those information weren't given at the time of investigations; the lawyer thus asked that Dr. Abgrall be heard by the judge, according to a Reuters cable. One document was a copy of an [696]April 21, [697]1997 letter addressed by a lawyer office to a bank, concerning the distribution of 17 million French Francs (about 2.5 millions Euros) between various personalities and political parties, the OST and the Rosicrucian Order AMORC ([698]Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis), an organization suspected of links with the OST. In his demand for more investigation, Dr. Leclerc wrote: "If the document is true, it shows that the Order of the Solar Temple was in activity after the last [699]March 22, [700]1997 massacre (the "collective suicide" of five adepts in Canada) and that the responsibles of this organization are still alive". However, the court refused further expertise: thus, it hasn't been possible to verify the validity of this document. A third document was sent by the [701]French secret services (RG) to the judge, discrediting the family of the victims' claims and demands for further investigations. If Jean-Marie Abgrall's claims of relationship between the ORT (OST's ancestor) and Gladio may seem far-fetched, [702]Propaganda Due's juridically proven involvement^[[703]citation needed] in Gladio's strategy of tension inclines one to keep open various possibilities during investigations. Furthermore, connections between ORT founder [704]Luc Jouret and far-right Belgian activist [705]Jean Thiriart have been alleged by other sources; together, they had found in the 1970s a far-right party which was controlled by Belgium's branch of Gladio ([706]See above). In any case, the mass suicides haven't been clearly explained, let alone financial links concerning those various cults.^[707][84]^[708][85] [[709]edit] FOIA requests and US State Department's 2006 communiquee Three [710]Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests have been filed to the CIA, which has rejected them with the standard reply: "The CIA can neither confirm nor deny the existence or non-existence of records responsive to your request." One request was filed by the [711]National Security Archive in 1991; another by the Italian Senate commission headed by Senator [712]Giovanni Pellegrino in 1995 concerning Gladio and [713]Aldo Moro's murder; the last one in 1996, by Oliver Rathkolb, of Vienna university, for the Austrian government, concerning the secret stay-behind armies after a discovery of an arms-cache.^[714][24] Furthermore, the [715]US State Department published a communiquee in January 2006 which, while admitting the existence of Gladio stay-behind units, dismissed any role in any false flag attack. It also claimed that several of the researchers have been influenced by the [716]Westmoreland Field Manual, which was a forgery made by the Soviet Union (confirmed by KGB sources). The forgery, disseminatedin the 1970s, explicitly formulated the need for a strategy of tension involving violent attacks blamed on radical left-wing groups in order to convince allied governments of the need for counter-action. It also rejected a Communist Greek journalist's allegations made in December 2005 ([717]See above).^[718][3] [[719]edit] Politicians about Gladio Whilst the existence of a "stay-behind" organization such as Gladio was disputed, prior to its confirmation by [720]Giulio Andreotti, with some skeptics describing it as a [721]conspiracy theory, several high ranking politicians in NATO countries have made statements appearing to confirm the existence of something like what is described: * Former Italian prime minister Giulio Andreotti ("Gladio had been necessary during the days of the Cold War but, that in view of the collapse of the East Bloc, Italy would suggest to NATO that the organisation was no longer necessary.") * Former French minister of defense [722]Jean-Pierre Chevhnement ("a structure did exist, set up at the beginning of the 1950s, to enable communications with a government that might have fled abroad in the event of the country being occupied."). * Former Greek defence minister, Yannis Varvitsiotis ("local commandos and the CIA set up a branch of the network in 1955 to organise guerrilla resistance to any communist invader") As noted above, the US has now acknowledged the existence of Operation Gladio. [[723]edit] References 1. ^ [724]^a [725]^b [726]^c [727]^d [728]^e [729]^f [730]^g [731]"Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies" Acrobat file [732]ETH Zurich research project on Gladio directed by Dr. Daniele Ganser 2. [733]^ [734]http://www.senate.be/lexdocs/S0523/S05231297.pdf Belgian parliamentary inquiry. P17-22 3. ^ [735]^a [736]^b [737]^c [738]^d [739]Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces. United States Department of State. 4. ^ [740]^a [741]^b [742]^c [743]^d "[744]Secret agents, freemasons, fascists... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'", [745]The Guardian, [746]December 5, [747]1990. 5. [748]^ "[749]La critique - Ricit d'un brigadiste", [750]L'Humaniti, [751]October 7, [752]2005. (French) 6. ^ [753]^a [754]^b [755]^c [756]^d [757]^e [758]^f [759]Statewatch 7. [760]^ "[761]Gelli arrest is another chapter in Vatican bank scandal", [762]American Atheists, [763]September 16, [764]1998. Retrieved on [765]February 2006. 8. [766]^ See for ex. links between Italian neofascist terrorist [767]Stefano delle Chiaie, whom was protected by the Italian [768]SISMI, and the [769]DINA; including assassination attempts on [770]Bernardo Leighton, [771]Carlos Altamirano, [772]Andris Pascal Allende ([773]Salvador Allende's nephew), etc. Delle Chiaie also worked with Argentine death-squad [774]Triple A and Bolivian dictator [775]Hugo Banzer. [776]Las relaciones secretas entre Pinochet, Franco y la P2 , Conspiracisn para matar, Sergio Sorin, February 4, 1999 9. [777]^ [778]"CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe", Washington Post, Clare Pedrick, [779]November 14, [780]1990 (archive) 10. [781]^ The Guardian on [782]August 3, [783]1990 11. ^ [784]^a [785]^b [786]quote from [787]Le Monde cited in [788]L'Humaniti, [789]November 29, [790]1990 12. ^ [791]^a [792]^b [793]Paolo Emilio Taviani, obituary by [794]Philip Willan, in [795]The Guardian, [796]June 21, [797]2001 13. ^ [798]^a [799]^b Hiding Western Terror, [800]Edward S. Herman, [801]The Nation (June 1991), p. 21 14. [802]^ [803]Gladio: et la France?, in [804]L'Humaniti, November 10, 1990 (French) (See [805]www.google.com/language_tools for [806]machine translation) 15. [807]^ [808]CASO MORO - MORIRE DI GLADIO, Simone Fallanca, in [809]La Voce della Campania, January 2005 (Italian) 16. [810]^ [811]GLADIO E CASO MORO: ANCORA SULLE RIVELAZIONI DI ARCONTE, "La Nuova Sardegna" (Italian) 17. ^ [812]^a [813]^b [814]"How M16 and SAS Join In" in [815]The Guardian, [816]December 5, [817]1990 18. [818]^ [819]US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy', [820]The Guardian, [821]June 24, [822]2000 19. [823]^ [824]CIA knew, but didn't stop bombings in Italy - report. CBC 20. ^ [825]^a [826]^b [827]Terrorists 'helped by CIA' to stop rise of left in Italy, Philip Willan, [828]The Guardian, March 26, 2001 21. [829]^ "Protest marches as the Milan bomb outrage five go free", The Guardian, [830]1985-[831]08-03. 22. [832]^ "Neo-fascists Cleared of 1973 Bomb Attack for Second Time", ANSA, [833]2004-[834]12-01. 23. [835]^ "CIA rejects accusation of involvement in bombings in Italy", AFP, [836]2000-[837]08-04. 24. ^ [838]^a [839]^b [840]^c [841]^d [842]^e [843]^f [844]^g [845]^h [846]^i [847]^j [848]^k [849]^l [850]^m [851]Chronology from the [852]ETH Zurich 25. ^ [853]^a [854]^b [855]^c "[856]Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente USA", [857]La Repubblica, February 11, 1998. Retrieved on [858]2006-[859]02-02. (With original documents, including juridical sentences and the report of the Italian Commission on Terrorism (Italian) 26. [860]^ [861]Moro's ghost haunts political life, Philip Willan in [862]The Guardian, May 9, 2003 27. [863]^ [864]Translated from Bologna massacre Association of Victims Italian website [865]Original page (Italian) 28. [866]^ [867]Daniele Ganser April 2005 paper 29. [868]^ "[869]Italy probes 'parallel police'", [870]BBC News, July 1, 2005. Retrieved on [871]February 2006. ; "[872]Up to 200 Italian police 'ran parallel anti-terror force'", [873]The Independent, July 5, 2005. Retrieved on [874]February 2006. ; "[875]Macchi Gladio bis, le autorit` sapevano Gaetano Saya si difende (Google translation available)", [876]La Repubblica, July 2, 2005. (Italian); "[877]Gladio, P2, falangisti l'Italia che sogna il golpe", [878]La Repubblica, July 3, 2005. (Italian) ; "[879]Cosl reclutavano: +Facciamo un'altra Gladio;", [880]Corriere della Sera, July 3, 2005. (Italian) 30. [881]^ [882]Official site of the Belgian Permanent Committee for the Control of Intelligence Services See "history" section in the "Presentation" part. 31. [883]^ Jonathan Kwitny. "The CIA's Secret Armies in Europe", The Nation, [884]1992-[885]04-06. 32. [886]^ Charles Cogan (2007). "'Stay-Behind' in France: Much ado about nothing?". Journal of Strategic Studies 30 (6): 937-954. 33. [887]^ "[888]L'OTAN restructure le riseau Gladio face aux immigris, qualifiis de 'menace clandestine ` caracthre permanent'", [889]Voltaire Network, September 9, 1996. (French) 34. [890]^ [891]"Du Temple Solaire au riseau Gladio, en passant par Politica Hermetica...", by Didier Daeninckx, [892]February 27, [893]2002 35. [894]^ [895]Chapter 3 'A Scandinavian Spy' from former CIA director [896]William Colby's memoirs 36. ^ [897]^a [898]^b [899]CIA Ties With Ex-Nazis Shown, [900]The Washington Post, June 7, 2006 37. [901]^ "Alleged Secret Organization", The Times, [902]1952-[903]10-09. 38. [904]^ ""Partisans" in Germany", The Times, [905]1952-[906]10-11. 39. ^ [907]^a [908]^b [909]^c [910]^d [911]^e [912]"Secret Italian Unit" in [913]The Guardian, [914]November 17, [915]1990 40. [916]^ Template error: argument title is required. 41. [917]^ "Ban In Hesse On Youth Union", The Times, [918]1953-[919]01-10. 42. [920]^ "Further Ban On Union Of German Youth", The Times, [921]1953-[922]01-15. 43. [923]^ "Police say suspect committed suicide", United Press International, [924]1981-[925]11-01. 44. [926]^ Daniele Ganser: [927]Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies. In: [928]The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, South Orange NJ, 2005, Vol. 6, 1 45. ^ [929]^a [930]^b [931]^c [932]Why Israel's capture of Eichmann caused panic at the CIA, [933]The Guardian, June 8, 2006 46. [934]^ [935]Opening of CIA Records under Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, May 8, 2002 [936]NARA communique (English) 47. [937]^ [938]Peter Murtagh, The Rape of Greece. The King, the Colonels, and the Resistance (London, Simon & Schuster, 1994), p.29, quoted by Daniele Ganser (2005), p.213 48. [939]^ Ganser (2005), pp.213-214 (his quote) 49. [940]^ [941]Philip Agee and [942]Louis Wolf, Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe (Secaucus: Lyle Stuart Inc., 1978), p.154 (quoted by Daniele Ganser (2005) p.216 50. ^ [943]^a [944]^b [945]Richard Norton-Taylor, [946]"The Gladio File: did fear of communism throw West into the arms of terrorists?", in [947]The Guardian, [948]December 5, [949]1990 51. [950]^ [951]"NATO's secret network 'also operated in France'", in [952]The Guardian, [953]November 14, [954]1990 52. [955]^ "[956]'MIVD verzwijgt wapenvondst in onderwereld'", Nu.nl, [957]2007-[958]09-09. Retrieved on [959]2007-[960]09-09. 53. [961]^ [962]GLADIO IN NEDERLAND. Retrieved on [963]2007-[964]09-09. 54. [965]^ Olav Riste (1999). The Norwegian Intelligence Service: 1945-1970. Routledge. [966]ISBN 0714649007. 55. [967]^ "Secret Anti-Communist Network Exposed in Norway in 1978", Associated Press, [968]1990-[969]11-14. 56. [970]^ Ganser, 2005. p.119. Quotes Joao Paulo Guerra, "Gladio actuou em Portugal", in [971]O Jornal, 16 November 1990 and [972]Stuart Christie, Stefano delle Chiaie, London, 1984, p.30 57. [973]^ See interview of [974]Grey Wolves member Ibrahim Ciftci with [975]Milliyet on October 13, 1996, quoted by Ganser) 58. [976]^ [977]"Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured", [978]Martin A. Lee, in [979]Los Angeles Times, [980]April 12, [981]1998 59. [982]^ "[983]Turkey's pivotal role in the international drug trade", [984]Le Monde Diplomatique, July 1998. (English)/(French) 60. [985]^ David Lampe, The Last Ditch: Britain's Resistance Plans against the Nazis Cassell 1968 [986]ISBN 0304925195 61. [987]^ [988]Dan van der Vat. The Guardian Obituary: General Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley. 15 March 2006 62. [989]^ [990]Gerardo Serravalle, Gladio (Rome, [991]Edizione Associate, 1991), p.78-79 (Italian) 63. [992]^ Belgian Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry into Gladio, quoted by Daniele Ganser (2005) 64. ^ [993]^a [994]^b [995]"The Gladio File: did fear of communism throw West into the arms of terrorists?" in [996]The Guardian, [997]November 5, [998]1990 65. [999]^ [1000]"UK trained secret Swiss force" in [1001]The Guardian, [1002]September 20, [1003]1991 66. [1004]^ [1005]Chapter 3 'A Scandinavian Spy' of former CIA director [1006]William Colby's memoirs. 67. [1007]^ [1008]Crimes of Montejurra (Good Google translation) 68. [1009]^ [1010]Un informe oficial italiano implica en el crimen de Atocha al 'ultra' Cicuttini, relacionado con Gladio, [1011]El Pams, December 2, 1990 (Spanish) 69. [1012]^ [1013]Suarez afirma que en su etapa de presidente nunca se habls de la red Gladio, [1014]El Pams, November 18, 1990 (Spanish) 70. [1015]^ [1016]Calvo Sotelo asegura que Espaqa no fue informada, cuando entrs en la OTAN, de la existencia de Gladio, [1017]El Pams, November 21, 1990 (Spanish) 71. [1018]^ [1019]Italia vets la entrada de Espaqa en Gladio, segzn un ex jefe del espionaje italiano, [1020]El Pams, November 17, 1990 (Spanish) 72. [1021]^ [1022]Serra ordena indagar sobre la red Gladio en Espaqa, [1023]El Pams, November 16, 1990 (Spanish) 73. [1024]^ [1025]La 'red Gladio' continza operando, segzn el ex agente Alberto Volo, [1026]El Pams, August 19, 1991 (Spanish) 74. [1027]^ [1028]El secretario de la OTAN elude precisar si Espaqa tuvo relacisn con la red Gladio, [1029]El Pams, November 24, 1990 (Spanish) 75. [1030]^ [1031]Indicios de que la red Gladio utilizs una vieja estacisn de la NASA en Gran Canaria, [1032]El Pams, November 26, 1990 (Spanish) 76. [1033]^ [1034]La red secreta de la OTAN operaba en Espaqa, segzn un ex agente belga, [1035]El Pams, November 14, 1990 77. ^ [1036]^a [1037]^b [1038]The Dark Side of the West, Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P26," [1039]ETH Zurich, 2005. Published 10 February 2005, URL accessed on February 7, 2007. 78. [1040]^ Daniele Ganser, "The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland: An Unfinished Debate on NATO's Cold War Stay-behind Armies", published by the [1041]Intelligence and National Security review, vol.20, n04, December 2005, pp.553-580 ISBN 0268-4527 print 1743-9019 online (article [1042]freely available on Ganser's website) 79. [1043]^ Major [1044]Hans von Dach, 1958. Der totale Widerstand...; Total Resistance reed. [1045]Paladin Press, 1992 ISBN-13: 978-0873640213 80. [1046]^ [1047]UK trained secret Swiss force in [1048]The Guardian, [1049]September 20, [1050]1991 81. [1051]^ Quoted in "Schwarzer Schatten. Das eidgenvssische Gegenst|ck zu den Geheimsoldaten der NATO hiess P26 - eine private Truppe, heimlich finanziert aus der Bundeskasse", [1052]Der Spiegel, December 10, 1990 (unnamed author), itself quoted by Daniele Ganser in "The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland: An Unfinished Debate on NATO's Cold War Stay-behind Armies", published by the [1053]Intelligence and National Security review, vol.20, n04, December 2005, pp.553-580 ISBN 0268-4527 print 1743-9019 online (article [1054]freely available on Ganser's website) 82. [1055]^ [1056]p.14 quote from [1057]Libiration concerning [1058]OST, Gladio and [1059]Jacques Foccart, on [1060]Survie NGO websige 83. [1061]^ The Renewed Order of the Solar Temple (ORT -- "Ordre Rinovi du Temple") is listed as a cult composed of 50 to 500 French members by the 1995 [1062]French Parliamentary Commission of investigation of Cults activities (See [1063]here for original report). 84. [1064]^ [1065]REUTERS cable published here, in French - good Google translation though 85. [1066]^ [1067]Declaration to the media of Alain Vuarnet, family of the OTS victims [[1068]edit] Bibliography * [1069]Various documents (Report by the [1070]SIFAR (Italian Military Secret Service) on Operation Gladio; US Field Manual; Report by Giulio Andreotti; Parliamentary Investigation into the Swiss Defense Ministry; various FOIA requests to the CIA; Parliamentary Investigation report in Belgium & in Italy... on the [1071]ETH Z|rich website) * [1072]Giulio Andreotti's report on Gladio, in French (waiting for translation) (French) * [1073]William Colby (former CIA director), Honorable Men (1978) [1074]extract available here * Daniele Ganser, [1075]website (English, German - and news articles in many others languages * Daniele Ganser, NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe [1076]ISBN 0-7146-8500-3 (a quick [1077]resume available here) * [1078]Lucy Komisar, "Turkey's terrorists: a [1079]CIA legacy lives on", The Progressive, April 1997. * David Hoffman, "The [1080]Oklahoma City bombing and the Politics of Terror", 1998 ([1081]chapter 14 online on [1082]strategy of tension * Giovanni Fasanella and Claudio Sestieri with Giovanni Pellegrino, "Segreto di Stato. La verit` da Gladio al caso Moro", Einaudi, 2000 (see [1083]civic website of Bologna (Italian) * Jan Willems, Gladio, 1991, [1084]EPO-Dossier, Bruxelles ([1085]ISBN 2-87262-051-6). (French) * Jens Mecklenburg, Gladio. Die geheime terrororganisation der Nato, 1997, Elefanten Press Verlag GmbH, Berlin ([1086]ISBN 3-88520-612-9). (German) * Leo A. M|ller, Gladio. Das Erbe des kalten Krieges, 1991, RoRoRo-Taschenbuch Aktuell no 12993 (ISBN : 3499 129930). (German) * Jean-Frangois Brozzu-Gentile, L'Affaire Gladio. Les riseaux secrets amiricains au coeur du terrorisme en Europe, 1994, Albin Michel, Paris ([1087]ISBN 2-226-06919-4). (French) * Anna Laura Braghetti, [1088]Paola Tavella, Le Prisonnier. 55 jours avec Aldo Moro, 1999 (translated from Italian: Il Prigioniero), Iditions Denokl, Paris ([1089]ISBN 2207248887) (Italian)/(French) * Regine Igel, Andreotti. Politik zwischen Geheimdienst und Mafia, 1997, Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, Munich ([1090]ISBN 3776619511). (German) * Arthur E. Rowse, [1091]"Gladio: The Secret U.S. War to Subvert Italian Democracy" in [1092]Covert Action #49, Summer of 1994.] * Anti-Fascist Action (AFA), "Staying Behind: NATO's Terror Network" in Fighting Talk #11, May 1995. * Frangois Vitrani, "L'Italie, un Etat de 'souveraineti limitie' ?", in [1093]Le Monde diplomatique, December 1990. (French) * Patrick Boucheron, "L'affaire [1094]Sofri : un prochs en sorcellerie?", in [1095]L'Histoire magazine, n0217 (January 1998) ([1096]L'Histoire website and [1097]article on-line here - with other newspaper articles about Gladio) (French) * [1098]"Les prochs Andreotti en Italie" "The [1099]Andreotti trials in Italy" by Philippe Foro, published by [1100]University of Toulouse II, Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immidiate (Study group on immediate history). (French) * [1101]Bibliography from ETH Zurich * [1102]Gerardo Serravalle, Gladio, 1991 [1103]ISBN 88-267-0145-8 (Gerardo Serravale commanded the Italian Gladio army from 1971 to 1974) (Italian) * Angelo Paratico "Gli assassini del karma" Robin editore, Roma, 2003. [[1104]edit] Films * [1105]Michele Placido, Romanzo Criminale (2005, concerning the strategy of tension and the [1106]Banda della Magliana) * Renzo Martinelli, [1107]"Five Moons Plaza" (Piazza delle cinque lune) (2003) * [1108]Allan Francovich (film documentarist), Gladio (1992) * [1109]Conspirator: The Story of Licio Gelli (2009) IMDb [[1110]edit] See also * [1111]Gladio in Italy * [1112]Gehlen Org * [1113]Aldo Moro * [1114]Strategy of tension